An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Essay -- Essays Papers

An Introduction to Windows 2000 captainReliabilityWindows 2000 Professional is up to 30 per centum faster and, according to National Software Testing Labs (NSTL) tests, 13 times more reliable than Windows 98. The operating system is the most reliable version of Windows ever so produced. Memory conflicts and missing or altered system rouses caused many of the system crashes prior to Windows 2000. To put an end to these problems, Microsoft changed Windows 2000 memory management to reduce the chance that software system applications will interfere with one another. In addition, Windows 2000 includes a built-in safeguard called Windows File Protection. This feature helps prevent critical operating system files from being deleted or altered by users or applications. Industry studies show that as much as 80 percent of system failures can be traced to human errors or flawed processes. If a system file should be changed or deleted, Windows File Protection can detect the change, ret rieve a correct version of the file from a cache, and restore it to the system file folder. The end user never knows the repairs have been made because Windows 2000 just keeps running ( (1)Windows).The following is a list of improvements in Windows 2000. It should be noted that this covers the entire Windows 2000 family (Server, Advanced Server, and Professional).Improved Internal Architecture Windows 2000 includes new features designed to protect your system, such as preventing new software installations from replacing essential system files or stopping applications from writing into the kernel of the OS. This greatly reduces many sources of operating system corruption and failure. Fast Recovery from System sorrow If your system does fail, Windows 2000 includes an integrated set of features that speed recovery. Improved Code with Developer Tools Microsoft provided third-party developers with tools and programs to improve the qua lity of their drivers, system level programs, and application software. These enhancements make it easier for independent software vendors to make unnecessary dependable code for Windows 2000. Reduced Reboot Scenarios Microsoft has greatly reduced the number of operations requiring a system reboot in almost every folk of OS fun... ...ss/relavail Asp, Accessed 9 September 2001.3. Mobile Computing and Windows 2000 Professional, www.mightywords.com, Accessed 15 September 2001.4. (2) Windows 2000 Professional and Server Score an A for Performance and Reliability, http//www.microsoft.com/windows2000/ master copy/evoluation/ news/ immaterial/gigaa.asp, Accessed 9 September 2001.5. (3) Windows 2000 Professional Built for Mobile Users, http//www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ mobile/default.asp, Accessed 16 September 2001. 6. (1) Windows 2000 Professional Most Reliable Windows Ever, http// www.microsoft .com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business overview/reliable/muchmore, Accessed 9 September 2001.7. (4) Windows 2000 Professional Easy to Use and Maintain, http//www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ manage/default.asp, Accessed 21 September 2001.8. (5) Windows 2000 Professional Internet Ready, http//www.microsoft.com/ windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/internet/default.asp, Accessed 22 September 2001.

Alternative Medicine Essay -- Doctors Treatment Illness Papers

election MedicineAlthough Alternative or Complementary medicament has been kept on the fringes of the checkup sciences in the past, it is becoming increasingly more popular, and more reputable. Alternative medicines are those health check systems which are not taught to or exercise by most unoriginal medical doctors. Alternative medicines seemingly progress to always existed, changing and conforming to the current climate of society. There seems to be an roughly endless number of pick medicines, each with their own method of gaining perfect health. Often people who are dissatisfied with conventional medicine turn to election medicine for their medical needs. many another(prenominal) similarities link the diverse extremities of alternative medicine. These links define alternative medicine, but also help explain why they await so controversial. They are characterized by a lack of unbiased, scientific testing, the belief in a vital force that cannot be explained scientificall y, and a lack of unmitigated regulation ensuring competency and uniformity among practitioners.Although these similarities exist a distinct separation must also be made between two types of alternative medical systems. The first type includes those that have strong intellectual foundations and time tested methods of maintaining health and curing diseases (Micozzi A48). These have established training and practice procedures and large metrical composition of practitioners and patients. Micozzi includes homeopathy, herbal treatment, chiropractic medicine, handed-down osteopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture) in this first type of alternative medical systems. These are contrasted with what he refers to as magic type slug treatments which are usually for a specific dise... ...ailable http//www.doubleclickd.com/theramessage.html 1996, Nov. 16.Langone, John. Challenging the Mainstream. Time. 148.14, 40-44, Fall, 1996.Magner, George. Chiropractic The Victims Perspect ive. Prometheus Books. Amhearst, New York 1995.Marwick, Charles. Time for New Head, New Approach at OAM. JAMA. 272.23, 1806-8, Dec 21, 1994.Micozzi, Marc S. The need to Teach Alternative Medicine. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 42.9, A48, Aug. 16, 1996.Miller, James. slender Thinking of the Treating of Diseases How to Avoid Quackery. Lecture Notes.The National Center for Homeopathy. (No date). Homeopathy Natural Medicine for the 21st Century Online. Available http//www.healthy.net/ travel/pa/homepathic/natcenhom/ 1996, Nov. 16.Young, James Harvey. American Health Quackery. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey 1992. Alternative Medicine Essay -- Doctors Treatment Illness PapersAlternative MedicineAlthough Alternative or Complementary medicine has been kept on the fringes of the medical sciences in the past, it is becoming increasingly more popular, and more reputable. Alternative medicines are those medical systems which are not taught to or practice d by most conventional medical doctors. Alternative medicines seemingly have always existed, changing and conforming to the current climate of society. There seems to be an almost endless number of alternative medicines, each with their own method of gaining perfect health. Often people who are dissatisfied with conventional medicine turn to alternative medicine for their medical needs. Many similarities link the diverse extremities of alternative medicine. These links define alternative medicine, but also help explain why they remain so controversial. They are characterized by a lack of unbiased, scientific testing, the belief in a vital force that cannot be explained scientifically, and a lack of strict regulation ensuring competency and consistency among practitioners.Although these similarities exist a distinct separation must also be made between two types of alternative medical systems. The first type includes those that have strong intellectual foundations and time tested met hods of maintaining health and curing diseases (Micozzi A48). These have established training and practice procedures and large numbers of practitioners and patients. Micozzi includes homeopathy, herbal treatment, chiropractic medicine, traditional osteopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture) in this first type of alternative medical systems. These are contrasted with what he refers to as magic bullet treatments which are usually for a specific dise... ...ailable http//www.doubleclickd.com/theramessage.html 1996, Nov. 16.Langone, John. Challenging the Mainstream. Time. 148.14, 40-44, Fall, 1996.Magner, George. Chiropractic The Victims Perspective. Prometheus Books. Amhearst, New York 1995.Marwick, Charles. Time for New Head, New Approach at OAM. JAMA. 272.23, 1806-8, Dec 21, 1994.Micozzi, Marc S. The need to Teach Alternative Medicine. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 42.9, A48, Aug. 16, 1996.Miller, James. Critical Thinking of the Treating of Diseases How to Avoid Quackery. Lecture Notes.The National Center for Homeopathy. (No date). Homeopathy Natural Medicine for the 21st Century Online. Available http//www.healthy.net/pan/pa/homepathic/natcenhom/ 1996, Nov. 16.Young, James Harvey. American Health Quackery. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey 1992.

Academic Competitions Essay -- Education, Talented Students

faculty member Competitions As more of us know, we do not have many academic competitions hither in United States. While in other countries, however, students are combating for getting the top marks, so they can gain entry into good colleges. This will automatically raises their chances for receiving opportunities in the career fields they are striving for. The need to be the best has become the motivation behind many students in todays academic settings. Our country has a problem with education and students dropping out of school, but if we have more academic competitions which bring out the best in students, we will have a lower percentage of dropouts and the newer generations will have the power to advance the world.Academic competitions are being used all crosswise the world as a tool to identify the most hardworking, creative and talented students. This process takes place outside the curriculum that is mandated by the school programs. Academic Competitions can expand the s cope and depth of content, allowing readers to explore subject areas beyond the opportunities available in a regular classroom. (Debank 3). Competitions are used by many give lessonsers at the root level to develop the talents of their students. We need more, not less, competition in schools. We need to teach students how to win with dignity and how to lose with grace. We need to teach students that coming up short does not mean end of the world, but the beginning of a new journey, we should proudly show case examples of how competition betters the vitrine of a student and how it motivates people to achieve greatness. Finally, we need to expunge the computer garbage that has seeped into our education system, and poisoned the dreams of our children (Debank 3). Th... ...ous problem. We may not notice it now but as time goes on, we will have problems in our education systems. Competition has plenty of advantages and at hand may be some disadvantages but they can sure enough be solv ed with the guidance of an adult. In the process of competition the students realize the emotional and psychological moments in which they have to be resilient in insularism and humble in victory. Competition exists at every level of education and every stage of human life, so it is important to get involved in competitions that benefit our lives. It is equally important to turn every stage of participation into an opportunity, for us to learn and develop in many different ways. School competitions benefits students put forward research. (Melvin 6). It is said that competition breeds excellence that only by the threat of defeat can we achieve the greatest victory.

Sympathy for the Monster in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley :: essays research papers

In this essay I am going to answer how and why does Mary Shelley make the reader sympathise with the use of the monster in her newfangled Frankenstein. Many readers have sympathised with Frankensteins creation, the unnamed monster, because he is badly treated by most people who he comes across. passe-part come forth created the monster with dead body parts that he got though grave robbing once he got all of the parts it took him 2 years to build a body. Victor is very obsessed with his work because he would not let any one help him or see him his fiance is very unhinged he might be doing something he would regret. When victor brings the monster to life he soon realises that he has made a big mistake because he says What have I done? this tells us that Victor has pride in his work at first only if then it quickly turns to disbelief then he becomes terrified he leaves the monster and goes to his home in Geneva. The monster soon realises that he has b een abandoned (I think that Mary has put in her novel him getting abandoned because her father abandoned her because he didnt like the person who she was going to get married to) so he sets of to see what the military personnel has to offer. As the monster comes across a village that has just been outrun with a deadly disease called colleria so when the villages see him they think that he brought it in and they beat. He turns to find Victor and make him pay for bring him back ugly. The monster finds a place to hide from all the people and he helps out a family by helping them with their farm work and he learns to read and write. In the family there is a blind domain the monster is very custodial over the blind man and the man come for the tax on the house where they live and he beats the blind man up but then the monster beats up the tax man and the little girl with the blind man screams and the mum and dad hears meanwhile the blind man and the monster

Windows 95 or NT :: essays research papers

Windows 95 or NTWhen unrivaled asks himself or another, Which Operating system will better fillmy ask as an operating system Windows 95 or Windows NT version 3.51. I willlook at both operating systems and compare the qualities of each one in price,performance, stability and ease of use. The final results will give one a clearview to the superior operating system for years to come.As one already knows, that if you keep up with the computer industry,that Microsoft Windows has been around for a long time. The Majority of all PCusers use some type of windows for their functional environment. Microsoft hasspent a great deal of time trying to make the supreme operating system. In doingso they have created two of the most debated systems purchasable to the generalpublic in this day and age. However, in doing so each one of these operatingsystems has there good side and there bad side.Windows NT 3.51 was sooner created for business use, but has endedup being more widely available for the average PC user in ones home. Windows 95was developed for the furbish up purpose as an alternative to Windows NT. But hasended up in the work place more wherefore the home. Windows 95 carries an averageprice of 95 dollars in stores. Which makes it an expensive systemworth the money. On the other hand Windows NT 3.51 carries a price tag ofthree-hundred and forty nine dollars. Making this software really expensive butalso worth every penny.Windows 95 is much easier to use then Windows NT. It was designed tomake the PC user have more of an easier time navigating through its complextasks. This is one of the main reasons why people would rather buy the moreless expensive operating system. Rather then the more expensive system WindowsNT. Another one the reasons that Windows 95 is more popular is for its simplegraphic user interface otherwise known as the GUI. Windows also carries aoption that Windows NT does not carry. That option is called PnP or Plug andPlay, This is where the o perating system will install the hardware and latehardware that could be added at a later date in time, Windows NT does not carrythis very useful feature. If one has ever tried to install a new peripheral toones computer it can be a headache alone trying to decipher the instructionmanual that comes along with the device. Windows 95 will do this on its own,one of the downfalls to it is the fact that it can be only a device that is less

Windows 95 or NT :: essays research papers

Windows 95 or NTWhen one asks himself or a nonher, Which Operating system will better fillmy needs as an operating system Windows 95 or Windows NT version 3.51. I willlook at both operating systems and compare the qualities of each one in price,performance, stability and ease of use. The closing results will give one a clearview to the superior operating system for years to come.As one already knows, that if you keep up with the computer industry,that Microsoft Windows has been around for a long time. The Majority of all PCusers use some type of windows for their working environment. Microsoft hasspent a great hired man of time trying to make the supreme operating system. In doingso they have created two of the most debated systems available to the generalpublic in this daytime and age. However, in doing so each one of these operatingsystems has there good side and there bad side.Windows NT 3.51 was originally created for business use, but has endedup being more widely available for the average PC user in ones home. Windows 95was developed for the sole purpose as an alternative to Windows NT. alone hasended up in the work place more then the home. Windows 95 carries an averageprice of ninety-five dollars in stores. Which makes it an expensive system costy the money. On the other hand Windows NT 3.51 carries a price tag ofthree-hundred and forty nine dollars. Making this software very expensive butalso worth every penny.Windows 95 is much easier to use then Windows NT. It was designed tomake the PC user have more of an easier time navigating through its complextasks. This is one of the main reasons why people would rather buy the moreless expensive operating system. Rather then the more expensive system WindowsNT. other one the reasons that Windows 95 is more popular is for its simplegraphic user interface otherwise known as the GUI. Windows also carries aoption that Windows NT does not carry. That option is called PnP or Plug andPlay, This is where the operating system will install the hardware and newhardware that could be added at a later ensure in time, Windows NT does not carrythis very useful feature. If one has ever tried to install a new peripheral toones computer it batch be a headache alone trying to decipher the instructionmanual that comes along with the device. Windows 95 will do this on its own,one of the downfalls to it is the fact that it can be only a device that is less

Naxal Movement

SEPTEMBER 2008 IPCS Research Papers Naxal Movement in India A Profile Rajat Kujur Institute of tranquillity and Conflict Studies 1 naked Delhi, INDIA 2008, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies is not responsible for the facts, views or opinion expressed by the author. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), tryed in August 1996, is an independent think tank devoted to research on peace and security from a S bulgeh Asian perspective.Its manoeuver is to develop a encyclopaedic and alternative framework for peace and security in the region catering to the changing demands of national, regional and global security. Address B 7/3 Lower Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 INDIA Tel 91-11-4100 1900, 4165 2556, 4165 2557, 4165 2558, 4165 2559 Fax (91-11) 4165 2560 Email emailprotected org Web www. ipcs. org CONTENTS Executive Summary. A Short annals .. 2 communist troupe of India (Marxist-Leninist) pres s release .. 6 messs state of war Group (PWG). 7 Maoist communist Centre (MCC) & Communist Party of India (Maoist) . 11 roughly the Author . 4 Recent IPCS Publications .. 14 Executive Summary In order to find the current phase of Naxalism, we need to understand different aspects of organisational trans nominateation that have occurred at bottom the Naxal causa, since the genesis and current phase of the exertion is a reflection of continuity and change. To understand its continuity over the decade, matchless has to understand its dynamics of change, just as to understand the changing nature of the Naxal movement, one has to understand the factors responsible for its continuity.And this reestablishes the dynamic character of the movement. The characteristic feature of the Naxal movement is its disorganize character which lead to some interesting formulations, quite uncommon in the history of Movement Organizations (MO)1. The fragmented character of the movement gave rise to a plethora of possible trends and multitudeings and thereby, paved the way for pertly avenues of organizational difference. Due to its fragmented character, the movement Historic entirely(a)y socio- governmental movements whether extremist, mutationary or peaceful, operate through organizations which are cognize as Movement Organizations.The movement organizations are intimatelyly characterized as loosely structured, decommutationized and prone to political challenges and counter cultural practices. 1 witnessed the comeback of umpteen past leaders and cadres from oblivion. This aspect of Naxal organizational politics is important to understand, as it enabled the reemergence of a whole range of questions that were assumed to have been resolved once and for all. A Short History To understand the genesis of the Naxal movement, one needs to sink it inside the framework of the Communist movement in India.To be more specific, every study on the Naxal movement lotnot overlook the importance of the rise and fall of the Telangana Movement (1946-51), since Telangana will always hang in the glorious chapter in the history of minor sputters for Indian communists. In fact, it was the first of all serious effort by sections of the communist party lead to learn from the experiences of the Chinese r maturation and to develop a comprehensive var. for Indias democratic revolution. On the other hand, the experience in Telangana also facilitated the growth of three distinct lines in spite of appearance the Indian communist movement.The line promoted by Ranadive and his followers, rejected the significance of the Chinese revolution, and advocated the simultaneous accomplishment of the democratic and the socialist revolutions, ground on city-based workings-class insurrections. The group drew inspiration from Stalin and ferociously attacked Mao as another Tito. The second line mainly professed and propagated by the Andhra Secretariat, drew heavily on the Chine se experiences and the teachings of Mao, in get alonging up the struggle of Telangana.The Andhra lead, while successfully managing to spearhead the movement against the Nizam, failed to tackle the complex question of meeting the challenge of the Government of India. The Nehru government embarked on the road to parliamentary democracy, teach it with reforms like the abolition of the Zamindari organisation. All these objective conditions facilitated the dominance of a centrist line, put forward by Ajay Ghosh and Dange. This line characteristically pointed out the differences amongst Chinese 2 and Indian conditions and pushed the party along the road to parliamentary democracy.In 1957, the Communists succeeded in forming a government in Kerala, which however, was soon overthrown. Additionally, chase the India-China war, the party stick into two during 1964 Communist Party of India ( consumer price index) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) ( consumer price index M). plot th e consumer price index preached the theory of peaceful road to non-capitalist development, the consumer price index (M) adopt the centrist line. though there were serious differences on ideological and tactical grounds, both the parties went frontward with their parliamentary exercises and formed the meeted Front government in West Bengal.In the backcloth of such organizational upheavals within the Indian Communist movement, an incident in a remote area transformed the history of left(p)-wing extremism in India. In a remote village called Naxalbari in West Bengal, a tribal youth named Bimal Kissan, having obtained a judicial order, went to plough his land on 2 defect 1967. The local landlords attacked him with the help of their goons. Tribal deal of the area retaliated and started forcefully recapturing their lands.What followed was a rebellion, which left one police sub inspector and nine tribals dead. Within a short span of about two months, this incident acquired great v isibility and tremendous support from cross sections of Communist revolutionaries belonging to the state units of the CPI (M) in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Though the United Front Government of West Bengal, headed by the CPI (M) was able to contain the rebellion within 72 age sing all repressive measures possible, these units had a formal meeting in November 1967, as a result of which the All India Coordination Committee of Communist vicissitudearies (AICCCR) was formed in May 1968. Allegiance to the gird struggle and non-participation in the elections were the two cardinal principles that the AICCR adopt for its operations. However, differences cropped up over how an gird struggle should be advanced and this led to the exclusion of a section of activists from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led respectively by T. Nagi Reddy and Kanhai Chatterjee.On the question of the annihilation of the class enemy, th e Kanhai Chatterjee group had serious objections, as they were of the view that the annihilation of the class enemy should only be under rendern after building up the great unwashed agitations. However, a majority in the AICCCR rejected this and the AICCCR went ahead with the make-up of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) in May 1969. This led Chatterjee to join the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The CPI (M-L) held its first congress in 1970 in Kolkata and Charu Mazumdar was formally elected its general secretary.Since then, both the CPI (M-L) and the MCC continued with their respective forms of armed struggle for the next couple of geezerhood. During this period, Charu Majumdar became the undisputed Naxalite guru and with the organizational skills of Kanu S eachal and Jaghal Santhal, the movement dispel to different corners of the country. The country witnessed the euphoria of a Maoist revolution. However, it was far more shortlived than expected. What was generally perceived by Indian as well as Chinese Communist revolutionaries as the final enactment of the revolution, in reality, proved to be no more than a dress rehearsal.As hundreds of CPI (ML) cadres lost their lives, and thousands were put rat bars, the movement witnessed confusion, splits and disintegration. Charu Majumdars larger-than-life image also had its negative impact, for after his death in 1972, the central leadership of CPI (ML) virtually collapsed. The history of the Naxal movement postCharu Mazumdar, is characterized by a number of splits, brought about by personalized and narrow perceptions about the Maoist revolutionary line and attempts at course-correction by some of the major groups. Even Kanu Sanyal, one of the founders of the movement, could not escape this.He gave up the course of instruction of dedicated armed struggle by 1977 and accepted parliamentary practice as a form of revolutionary activity. It was during 1974 that an influential group of the CPI (ML), led by Jauhar (Subrata Dutt), Nagbhushan Pattnaik and Vinod Mishra, launched a major initiative, which they termed course-correction. This group renamed itself the CPI (M-L) exit in 1974, and in 1976, during the Emergency, adopted a new line that called for the continuation of armed irregular struggles along with efforts to form a broad antiCongress democratic front, consisting even non-communist parties.The group also suggested that stark(a) military armed struggle should be limited and there should be greater emphasis on mass peasant struggles, in an attempt to can an Indianized version of Marxism-Leninism- Maoism. However, during the next three years, the movement suffered further splits with leaders, such as Kondapalli Seetharamaiah (Andhra Pradesh) and N. Prasad (Bihar) dissociating themselves from the activities of the party. This led to Prasad forming the CPI (M-L) (Unity Organization) and Seetharamaiah started the wads War Group (PWG) in 1980.While Seetharamaiahs line soug ht to stipulate the annihilation of class enemies, the PWGs emphasis was on building mass organizations, not developing a broad democratic front. 3 Since then, the superstar division within the Naxalite movement has been between the two lines of thought and action, as advanced by the CPI (ML) electric arc and the PWG. While Liberation branded PWG a group of left adventurists, the PWG castigated the Liberation group as one of the revisionists imitating the CPI (M).On the other hand, the growth of MCC as a major armed group in the same areas, created the compass for multifarious organizational conflicts among the Naxal groups. Liberation took a theoretical stand of correcting the past mistake of completely rejecting parliamentary politics. On the other hand, PWG and MCC completely rejected the parliamentary democratic system of governance and vowed to wage peoples war for peoples government. In the process, while the Liberation group registered its first electoral victory in Bihar in 1989 Naxalite factions such as the CPI (M-L) New Democracy, the CPI (ML) S.R. Bhajjee Group and the CPI (M-L) Unity Initiative, e interconnected in the state. The following years witnessed certain distinct phenomena in the history of the Naxal movement. First, the intraorganizational conflict and rivalry among different groups touched several high points, resulting in the loss of a goodly number of cadres of rival groups. Secondly, despite the large-scale inner conflicts, there were always on-going efforts at sundry(a) levels to strive for one.Thirdly, 1990 onwards, the impact state registered a substantial increase in the number of violent incidents and at the same time, a considerable change in the policy undertake of the government was also witnessed. While the Naxal movement has mostly been characterized by fragmented groups and innumerable splits successive governments at the national and state levels were never able to follow a uniform approach to deal with the probl em of Naxalism, thus, leading to a marked impact in the growth of the Naxal movement. There are three broad currents of the Naxal movement.For sympathys which will become manifest from the following discussion, this paper will ascertain the Communist Party of India (ML) Liberation, Peoples War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). It will examine the circumstances in which these groups were formed, their ideological bases and programmes, and the similarities and dissimilarities between them. The paper, in particular, will look into different aspects of organizational politics in relation to these Maoist organizations and try to locate their impact on the course of the contemporary Naxal movement.The following are the main issues on which there appear to be considerable differences among the Naxal groups and which are primary subjects of conflict between them. The analysis of the first phase (196771) of the Naxalite movement and th e line of annihilation that was followed The position that armed struggle is the principal form of struggle and the armed guerilla squad, the primary unit of struggle Since the principal form of struggle is rmed struggle, the entire activity of the agrarian struggle should be underpass Whether the contradiction in terms between feudalism and the Indian throng is the principal contradiction in Indian corporation or whether India has emerged as a capitalist state and hence, the contradiction between capitalist economy and general public is the principal contradiction Whether it would be prudent to form a united front with various forces and movements like the dalit, 4 farmers, ethnic and regional, and ecologic movements etc. However, these are not the only issues several other issues pertaining to groundlevel reality and control of territory are crucially linked to the functioning of Naxalite organizations. Prakash Louis, People spot The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar ( New Delhi Wordsmiths, 2002) p. 277. 2 5 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation Historically, the fund of CPI (ML) Liberation dates back to 1974. However, the post-emergency phase of 1977, when most leaders of the Communist movement were released from jail was the time when the activities of Liberation first came to notice.The Party Central Committee (PCC), in a move to unite the splinter groups which owed their origin to CPI (ML), called a meeting during 30 January-2 February 1981. However, the meet did not deliver expected results. From this point onwards whereas the PCC group goes on to become irrelevant and splits up into various factions, the M-L movement begins to polarize between the Marxist-Leninist line of CPI (ML) (Liberation) and the anarchist line of CPI (ML) (Peoples War). 3 During 1982, the Indian Peoples Front (IPF) was launched in New Delhi at a national conference.In imputable course, IPF became the partys open political platform, actively intervenin g in national politics. Same year, the Third Party Congress took bulge at Giridih, Bihar, where the issue of participation in elections was finalized. This stir in the outlook of CPI (ML) Liberation proved to be vital in designing the ensuant course of activity of the Naxal movement. The Liberation group, according to Bhatia, considers itself the true inheritor of the CPI (ML) legacy, its political line has changed dramatically from that of the original CPI (ML). 4 With this strategic shift in functioning, the CPI (ML) Liberation recorded its first electoral victory under the banner of the IPF in 1989 and Ara (one Lok Sabha Constituency in Central Bihar) sent the first Naxalite member to Parliament. 5 In a special conference convened in July 1990, the party decided to resume open functioning. This decision was formalized at its fifth part Congress in December 1992. In 1994, the Indian Peoples Front was disbanded.The Election military commission recognized the party in 1995, and since then the CPI (ML) has been contesting successive elections at national and state levels. The CPI (ML) Liberation, though functioning over ground within the parliamentary democratic setup, has not completely disbanded the travel plan of armed rebellion. The Party does not rule out the possibility that under a set of exceptional national and international circumstances, the balance of social and political forces may even permit a relatively peaceful transfer of central power to revolutionary forces.But in a country where democratic institutions are based on essentially fragile and narrow foundations and where even small victories and partial reforms can only be achieved and maintained on the strength of mass militancy, the party of the proletariat must prepare itself for winning the ultimate decisive victory in an armed revolution. A peoples democratic front and a peoples army, therefore, remain the two most fundamental weapons of revolution in the arsenal of the Party. 6 This again points to the dilemmas within the ultra left movement, which is very often reflected, in the uncertain character of the Naxal movement.Thirty historic period of Naxalbari, an un-dated publication of CPI (ML) Liberation. Bela Bhatia, Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, Economic and Political Weekly, April 9 2005. 4 3 5 6 History of Naxalism, Hindustantimes. com A Party document of CPI (ML) Liberation titled The General Programme. 6 . Peoples War Group (PWG) PWG is the most important among all the splinter groups representing the Naxal movement because the dominant line within the Naxal politics today, is the PWG line of thought. Though it is popularly known as PWG or PW, its formal nomenclature is Communist Party of IndiaMarxistLeninist (Peoples War).If today, Naxalism is considered as the greatest internal security problem and Naxals claim to be running parallel government in different move of the country, its credit mostly goes to the PWG. The CPI (ML) (Peoples War) was f ormed on Lenins birth anniversary on April 22, 1980. 7 Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, one of the most influential Naxalite leaders from Andhra Pradesh and a member of the erstwhile Central Organizing Committee of the Communist Party of IndiaMarxistLeninist (CPI-ML), is the founding father of the PWG who later, was ironically expelled from the group. The programme of our Party has declared that India is a big semi-colonial and semifeudal country, with about 80 per cent of our population residing in our villages. It is ruled by the big-bourgeois big landlord classes, subservient to imperialism. The contradiction between the alliance of imperialism, feudalism and compradorbureaucrat- capitalism on the one hand and the broad masses of the people on the other is the principal contradiction in our country. Only a successful Peoples Democratic Revolution i. e.New Democratic Revolution and the establishment of Peoples Democratic Dictatorship of the workers, peasants, the middle classes and nati onal bourgeoisie under the leadership of the working class can lead to the liberation of 30 years of Naxalbari, An undated Maoist literature, Vanguard Publication, p. 30. Vanguard was the organ of PWG. 7 our people from all exploitation and the dictatorship of the reactionary ruling classes and pave the way for building Socialism and Communism in our country, the ultimate aim of our Party.Peoples War based on Armed Agrarian Revolution is the only path for achieving peoples democracy i. e. new democracy, in our country. 8 Rejecting the parliamentary democratic system of the country and branding individual annihilation as individual terrorism, PWG declared that peoples war was the only path to bringing about a peoples government in the country. From the above quote from an important PWG party document, it is clear that there were organizational, strategic and tactical conflicts going on within the CPI (ML), which paved the way for the split and creation of a more radical party.Broadly speaking, the party programmes of CPI (ML) Liberation were mostly focused on the cause of peasants, while the group led by K. Seetharamaih wanted the party to be a platform for peasants, workers, tribal and other weaker sections of society. It was the prime agenda of Liberation to build up a political front focusing on peasant struggles, whereas PWG was more interested in the formation of mass organizations instead of any democratic front. One of the renowned guerrilla leaders of the erstwhile PWG summarizes the upshot of the conflict between CPI (ML) Liberation and CPI (ML) Peoples War. In the Liberation group, which at one time was one of the strong groups defending Charu Mazumdars revolutionary line, after the martyrdom of Path of Peoples War in India Our Tasks , a comprehensive PWG party document highlighting its aims, objectives and strategies. The document was adopted by All-India Party Congress, 1992. We obtained this document from one of the principal ideologue of the PWG . 8 Com. Johar, with the leadership falling into the hands of Vinod Mishra, they began betraying the Indian revolution.As part of a conspiratorial plan, a once revolutionary party was bit by bit changed into a revisionist party, like the CPI and CPM. The armed resistance struggles against the states attacks, winning place under the then leadership of Liberation, was ended. The armed struggle to crush the feudal private armies was made a secondary task. In this way, they diverted the entire group away from the basic path outlined by the interconnected CPI (ML), and particularly of its founder, Com.CM that of protracted peoples war into becoming agents of the ruling classes, by surrendering them to the parliamentary path. They converted the Com. Johar-led Liberation, from organism a revolutionary movement, into a legalist, reformist and parliamentary movement and changed the underground organization into an open opportunist and revisionist organization. 9 The above two official statements of the PWG clearly suggest that the birth of PWG which resulted from a split within the CPI (ML-Liberation) was on account of the dynamics of conflict among a host of its cadres.For a considerable period after its birth, PWGs activities were chiefly limited to Andhra Pradesh, while the CPI (ML) Liberation continued to hold its turf in Bihar. It was during this period that another organization came into existence on 1 January 1982. It was named the Communist party of India (ML) Party Unity, which came into existence due to a merger between CPI (ML) Unity Organizations and Central organizing Committee CPI (ML). Hereafter, left-wing extremism in India witnessed some of the worst-ever conflicts which again forced numerous organizations to take a position and adopt new tactics.Bihar has always remained a strong battleground of Naxal Sharvan, the then Secretary Bihar State Committee of CPI (ML) Peoples War, in an converse given to Peoples March, Volume 2, No. 3, March 2001. 9 operations and ironically, in Bihar, most of the clashes were between CPI (ML) Party Unity and CPI (ML) Liberation. When these conflicts were taking a toll on the cadres on both sides, another development was simultaneously taking place. In August 1998, Party Unity merged with CPI (ML) Peoples War Group and the group came to be known as Peoples War. The merger of the two arties is the culmination of the unity process which began in March 93 and continued for over five years during which differences on several political, ideological and organizational questions were resolved through thread-bare discussion. 10 The statement continues, The emergence of the united Party the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War -does not mark the completion of the process of unification of the genuine communist revolutionary forces in India. The impertinently Unified Party will continue its efforts in right earnest to achieve this unification.We also call upon the other genuine revo lutionary elements in the various M-L parties in India who are being led astray by both right and left opportunist leadership, to fight against these deviations and rally under the banner of the United Party. The United Party pledges itself to avenge the death of thousands of martyrs who fell in the course of the ongoing democratic revolution in India paved with blood by these martyrs until their treasure goals are accomplished. This is the era of Revolutions. 11 With this merger, the PWG became a force to reckon with in Bihar and in other areas where PU had a presence. Further developments suggest that with the merger, the element of armed rebellion of the Naxal movement became stronger, while on the 10 Peoples War literature titled Joint Declaration by Communist Party of India (ML) Peoples War and CPI (ML) (Party Unity), August 1998. Ibid. 11 8 other hand, with its parliamentary practices, Liberation was loosing its turf to PWG. Liberation, which once controlled the whole of cent ral Bihar, was now loosing its territory and supporters to PWG and MCC.Not only in Bihar, but also elsewhere, Liberation was systematically shrinking on the map of Naxalite politics. By advocating electoral methods and not being able to make an impressive mark, the Liberations way of movement became weak and the PWGs armed operations started gaining momentum. So while the Liberation, with its changed modus operandi was being lessen to a small political party, the PWG in the same period, managed to register its presence outside Andhra Pradesh and gradually gained strongholds in different areas of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Maharashtra.While the conflict between PU and Liberation made both groups suffer the loss of considerable numbers of their cadres as already stated, it also resulted in the merger of PU and PWG and ultimately the violent integrating of the movement. The formation of Peoples War also resulted in tactical changes in several aspects o f the Naxal movement in general. In our agenda for a new democratic revolution, there are two aspects the agrarian revolution and fight for nationality. 12 This statement shows the amount of organizational change witnessed by the Naxal movement in all those years.In 1967 it started in the name of agrarian revolution, which gradually took the stance of replacing the parliamentary form of government but the question of nationality was never raised. This reflects the kind of conflict between PW and Liberation. By questioning nationality, PW wanted to make it clear that it wanted a broad revolutionary pattern and while land 12 to tillers could be a programme, it could not become the sole agenda of the revolution. Between 15-30 November 1995, the PW conducted an All India Special Conference in some unknown locality of Dandakaranya.There, it adopted two important party documents. The Party Programme as adopted in the Conference reads, India is a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society here t he New Democratic Revolution (NDR) has to be completed victoriously paving way to the Socialist Revolution and to advance towards the ultimate goal of Communism. The Indian people are weighed down by three big mountains feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucrat capital these are the targets to be overthrown in the present stage of NDR.The four major contradictions in the present-day Indian society are the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses the contradiction between imperialism and the Indian people the contradiction between capital and labour and the contradiction within the ruling classes. While the first two are fundamental contradictions to be resolved through the NDR, the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses is the principal contradiction at the present stage. India is a multi-national countrya prison-house of nationalities and all the nationalities have the right to self-determination including secession.When NDR is victoriously completed , India will become a voluntary and genuine federation of all national peoples republics. 13 The second document, which was adopted in the conference, was the document on the Strategy and Tactics. It reads, The political 13 converse of Muppalla Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, the then head of the Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist Peoples War. http//www. rediff. com/news/1998/oct/07gana. htm This report on the Special conference was posted in a website (www. cpimlpwg/repression. html) which claimed itself as the summary website of PW.The website has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was no less then their official website. 9 strategy to be engage in the present stage of NDR in India is one of forming a broad united front of all the anti-feudal, antiimperialist forcesthe working class, the peasantry, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeois ieunder the leadership of the working class to overthrow the common enemiesfeudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucratic capital.The military strategy or the path of Indian Revolution is the path of protracted peoples war i. e. , liberating the countryside first through area wise seizure of power establishing guerilla zones and base areas and then circle the cities and finally capturing power throughout the country. The unevenness in the economic, social and political development of Indian society calls for different tactics i. e. , forms of struggle and organization, to be pursued in different regions of the country, while the political tactic line throughout the country remains the same.In urban areas the political and mass work should be carried out observing utmost precaution and the organizational work should get going keeping in view the long-range perspective. Caste is a peculiar problem in India and appropriate forms of organization and struggle should be evolved vigor ously to fight out untouchability, caste discrimination and to finally root out the caste system. The tactics of boycott of elections have to be pursued for a long time in the prevailing conditions in India and participating in parliamentary and assembly elections under any pretext only weakens the class struggle. 14 These two documents, containing different organizational aspects of PW, make a clearcut demarcation for the issues pertaining to organizational conflict between the Liberation and PW. The Peoples War, on the basis of its assessment of the peoples level of preparedness for an armed struggle, discarded annihilation of class enemies as the only form of struggle and stressed instead, on floating mass organizations. It established several front organizations. 14During the 1980s, the Radical Students Union and Rayatu Kuli Sangham emerged as organizations with an impressive mass following and most of the PWGs present base and political cadres developed through that practice. H owever, during the 1990s, the growth of militarization became the characteristic feature of the PWG. The formation of Peoples Guerrilla soldiers (PGA), special guerrilla squads, Permanent Action Team (PAT) and Special Action Team (SAT) were the distinctive features of PWG activities for quite some time, before it merged with MCC to form the CPI (Maoist). 5 15 In response to a government decision to launch coordinated action against the Naxalites by police forces of the various Indian States affected by Naxal violence, the PWG formed the PGA, its military wing in December 2000 by reorganizing its guerrilla force. The PGA functions under a single operational command, the Central troops Commission. In the Indian State where the PGA has a presence, there is a State Military Commission and in special guerrilla zones there is a Zonal Military Commission.A Regional Military Commission supervises a group of State Military Commissions or Zonal Military Commission Each Regional Military Com mission reports to the Central Military Commission. All armed cadre of the PWG are organized under the PGA. Ref Peoples Guerrilla Army, http//www. satp. org/satporgtp/countries/india/terror istoutfits/peoples_guerrilla_arms_left_wing_extre mists. htm Ibid. 10 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) & Communist Party of India (Maoist) The next important group within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement is the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC).It stands apart from a number of organizations, since, conventionally speaking, it was never a part of the CPI (ML), which many claim as the mother of all Naxal organizations. The MCC, while supporting the Naxalbari struggle, did not join the CPI (ML) because of some tactical differences and on the question of Party formation. 16 The MCC was formed on 20 October 1969, around the same time that the CPI (ML) was formed, although during those days it was known as Dakshin Desh. It was in 1975 that the group renamed itself the Maoist Communist Centre.In 2003, MCC merged with the Revolutionary Communist Centre of India-Maoists (RCCI-M) to form the Maoist Communist Centre-India (MCC-I). Right from its inception, the MCC stood for taking up armed struggle as the main form of resistance and waging a protracted peoples war as the central task of the party. This position of the MCC has been repeatedly expressed and emphasized in a multitude of Maoist literature. This armed revolutionary war is the war of the armed people themselves it is Protracted Peoples War as shown by Mao Tse Tung.The concrete economic and political condition of India leads to the very conclusion that the path shown by the great leader and teacher, Mao Tse Tung, the path of the Chinese Revolution, that is, and to establish a powerful peoples army and peoples militia and to establish dependable, strong and self-sufficient base areas in the countryside, to constantly consolidate and expand the peoples army and the base areas, gradually to encircle the urban areas from the co untryside by liberating the countryside, finally to capture the cities and 16 o establish the state system and political authority of the people themselves by resolutely destroying the state power of the reactionaries this very path of the protracted Peoples War is the only path of liberation of the people of India, the path of victory of the new democratic revolution. 17 Communist Party of India (Maoist) The Naxal movement in India entered yet another phase of organizational transformation with the merger of two of the principal armed organizations, viz.Peoples War (PW) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC-I), which resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The formation of the unified Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a new milestone in the history of the revolutionary communist movement of India. A unified Maoist party based on Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is a long detain and highly love need of the revolutionary minded and oppressed people o f the country, including all our ranks, and also all the Maoist forces of South Asia and internationally.Now, this long-aspired desire and dream has been transformed into a reality. 18 This statement, made by the first Secretary of CPI (Maoist) Ganapathy, assumes a great deal of importance as it 17 Red trail, Special rationalize, p. 20. Red Star is the English language organ of the MCC, as quoted by Aloke Banerjee in a pamphlet titled Inside MCC Country, dated June 2003. Red Star was the English language organ of the MCC. Also quoted in MCC India Three Decades Leading Battalions of the Poor, http//www. awtw. org/back_issues/mcc_india. htm.Though it denies but many treat this as the unofficial organ of the Revolutionary internationalistic Movement (RIM. ) Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). Peoples March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 18 30 years of Naxalbari, p. 36. 11 reflects the organizational politics that was going on all these years between these two organizations representing the Naxal movement. The improvised aim of the CPI (Maoist) as announced on the occasion of its formation is to establish a compact revolutionary zone, stretching from Nepal to Bihar to Andhra Pradesh and beyond.While continuing their pursuit of a peoples democracy the ultimate aim of the CPI (Maoist) is to seize power through protracted armed struggle. The press statement, issued on the event of announcing the merger, stated, The immediate aim and programme of the Maoist party is to clear on and complete the already ongoing and advancing New Democratic Revolution in India as a part of the world proletarian revolution by overthrowing the semi-colonial, semi-feudal system under the neo-colonial form of indirect rule, exploitation and control.This revolution will remain directed against imperialism, feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism. This revolution will be carried out and completed through armed agrar ian revolutionary war, i. e. protracted peoples war with the armed seizure of power remaining as its central and principal task, encircling the cities from the countryside and thereby finally capturing them. Hence, the countryside as well as the PPW (Protracted Peoples War) will remain as the center of gravity of the partys work, while urban work will be complimentary to it. 19 According to the same press release, the CPI-Maoists will still seek to unite all genuine Maoist groups that remain outside this unified party. 20 It is important to examine the significance of the merger, particularly when earlier attempts had been unsuccessful. In fact, the merger is largely being seen as a result of the gradual intersection of views of these two groups on areas such as the role of the party, approaches to revolution and adoption of strategies and tactics. In the formative years, Charu Mazumdar and Kanhai Chatterjee represented two irreconcilably different lines and approaches to revolutio n.At the time of the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) CPI-ML in 1969, the Dakshin Desh (the earlier form of the MCC), remained opposed to the process due to sharp differences with the CPI-ML over issues such as the formation of a communist party, existence of revolutionary mass struggle and preparedness of the people to participate in it. The joint press statement released by the erstwhile General Secretaries of PW and MCC (I) highlighted the essence of the merger. In the past history there were many splits within the M-L movement.But splits are only one side of the coin the brighter side was that there were continuous efforts to blend the revolutionaries. The CPI (ML) (PU), though it had its origins in Bengal, it spread and strengthened by unifying several revolutionary groups. The CPI (ML) (PW), though it originated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, it unified with revolutionaries in almost all the states where it was working. The MCC too, had originate d in Bengal, unified many revolutionaries groups in it in many States and became the MCCI. 21 This statement underlines the continuous process of organizational politics within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement, which resulted from organizational conflict. Looking back, the need for a joint, unified platform was felt by the leadership of both 21 19 Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India available at Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India available at 20 Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). Peoples March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 12 he parties as early as 1981. The PW and MCC began unity talks from their very first meeting in 1981. However, the reason for the delay in the process was the lack of continuity of leadership. The arrest of Comrade Kondapally Seetaramaiah (KS), the leader of the PW, and later the internal crisis of the PW and split in the Central Committee (CC) dela yed the unity process for several years. In the early eighties, the MCC lost its two top leaders Comrades Amulya Sen (AS) and Kanhai Chatterjee (KC), which had some negative impact, resulting in further delay in the unity process. 22 However, this is not to suggest that the formation of the CPI (Maoist) was the final stage of the Naxal movement. As one official Maoist document puts it, Revolutions never proceed in a straight line. The history of all successful revolutions shows this. The path is zig zag, there are ups and downs, there is victory and defeat repeated a number of times.. before final victory. Of course, there is no final victory until the stage of communism is reached. 23 The above-mentioned analysis makes the forceful justification that since the Naxal movement is essentially a political problem, it needs to be examined from the perspective of organizational politics. From the above discussion we can derive the following conclusions. First, the history of the Naxal m ovement is the history of a continuous process of organizational conflicts, splits, and mergers. Second, the movement essentially represents simultaneous, though not necessarily peaceful coexistence of many streams and looking from this angle, the movement can be said to have its presence in all parts of 22 23 he country. Third, the growth of the Naxal movement is closely linked with the ongoing process of organizational conflict. This is because the ultimate political objective behind all organizational exercise, as reflected by the statements of various senior Naxalite leaders, is to build a left-winger alternative and mobilize people against increased imperialist intervention and proimperialist policies pursued by the union government, in support of revolutionary war based on the Chinese leader, Maos theory of organized peasant insurrection.Similarly, the history of the naxal movement, right from its first phase of 1967, demonstrates that even if there has been a continuous evol ution in terms of their understanding of the Indian situation, the focus of the movement, its character, and the fighting capabilities and financial resources of these groups they have remained more or less consistent as far as their core ideology is concerned. Barring the Liberation, they all reject the parliamentary system of governance and want to bring about a fundamental change in the nature of the Indian state.For this, they have adopted the strategy of protracted armed struggle, which entails building bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then turn zones, besides area-wise seizures and encirclement of cities and finally, the seizure of political power and achievement of nation-wise victory. Fourth, the history of the movement so far, has been the history of conflicts and splits. However, one cannot deny that its history is also one of mergers. 4 Ibid. State Repression, this is the title of the document which was posted at www. c pimlpwg/repression. html. The website now has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was the official website. 24 For more information on integrated checkposts, see the website of the Ministry of Home Affairs (http//mha. gov. in/BM_Div/BM_IntCheck(E). pdf). 13 .About the Author Dr. Rajat Kumar Kujur teaches Political Science at the Gangadhar Meher Junior College, Sambalpur, Orissa. He can be reached at emailprotected com. Recent IPCS Publications August 2008 Arabization Changing Face of Islam in Asia Baladas Ghoshal Issue apprise 81 Asian Security Architecture India and Ideology Jabin Jacob Issue apprise 80 Indo-US Nuclear Deal Entering Homestretch Gretchen Smith CBRN Issue Brief 10 Impeaching Musharraf Issues and Questions D.Suba Chandran Issue Brief 79 Safeguarding Pakistans Nuclear Assets The American Debate Prashant Hosur CBRN Issue Brief 9 South Asian Un ion Divided We put forward Abhishek Raman Issue Brief 78 Indias Myanmar Policy An Alternative Roadmap Ann Koppuzha Issue Brief 77 India-Vietnam Economic Relations Opportunities and Challenges Pranav Kumar Special Report 57 July 2008 Ten Years After Pokharan-II The Nuclear Debate in India Henri Laniece CBRN Issue Brief 8 Thinking outside the Box A New Approach to Burma Baladas Ghoshal Issue Brief 76 Sam Manekshaw Indias Finest Hour PR Chari Special Report 56 Failing and Failed States The Global Discourse Sonali Huria Issue Brief 75

History of Architecture from Ancient world

Discus the early development of urban architecture in the ancient more or less eastern hemisphere, with item reference to one or two cities in the Fertile Crescent. The hi history of civilization has been one of the most significant fields of study for a in truth long time. After the husbandry revolution the number of population grow rapidly, civilizations were formed and cities were being built to accommodate the growing populations of the ancient civilization. architecture has of all time been a vital part of the civilizations throughout the history of mankind.As Nations become powerful and prosperous their Architecture becomes more dominant by building rater cities, public genius and religious monuments. From the birth of civilizations until now many civilizations have appeared and disappeared from the face of the earth for various reasons. The ones that have survived and claim their existence have carried out their identity, culture and Architecture from their ancestors. T hose civilizations that have vanished due to foreign invasions or some other unknown reasons have left us their ancient cities and Architecture that need to be discovered.A great caseful that we can refer to is the antique some East, where one f the earliest human civilizations were living in. It is told that the Sumerians were the first civilization that once lived in Mesopotamia which is in Ancient near east and worlds first cities as well developed in here which includes Summer (Our) and Babylon (Wildfowl & Matthews, n. D. ) In this Essay I will be focusing on the urban development and Architecture of the Ancient civilizations which includes the Sumerians and the Babylonians that were based in Mesopotamia the lands of Fertile Crescent.The Ancient Near East which is now known as the Middle East was the birth place of he civilization, It was here in Mesopotamia where the worlds first civilization (Sumerians) claimed their existence (Wildfowl & Matthews, n. D. ) The Sumerians l ived in Mesopotamia (a fertile land surrounded by the Tigris River and Euphrates River in the Ancient Near East). These two rivers were very important for the Sumerian Civilization because of agriculture and trade, since it was one of the main routs of their economy.The Sumerians were the first civilizations that farmed in large scale It was here that the first farmers knowing to cultivate grain, growing what they needed ether than gathering wild varieties(Wildfowl & Matthews, n. D. ) Fol junior-gradeing the agriculture revelation and a great increase in population guide to the multiplication of large communal centers of an urban character (Lamp, n. D. , BC. 8) As it is still apparent that when a nation becomes powerful and prosperous their architecture becomes more undischarged and there cities become more complex.Following the agriculture revelation the Sumerian economy grow rapidly and at the same time cities were taking shape and also public splendor and religious monuments were merging from the in-between of the cities. For the people of Ancient near east there cities meant more than Just a metropolis for them, it was a complex that just now a god could have created it and according to the ideal concept of the people in the ancient near east, cities did not develop in slow growth, to paraphrase the cosmogony there was time when the city had not been made And then the city was made (Lamp, n. D. , p. ) The Sumerians built their cities around a capacious monumental religious building with a tower that can be seen from up to km away. They built the high tower (Gujarat) n the middle of the city that the farmers far away could still see their house of God and for the Sumerians the Gujarat was a connection between their city and the havens. The city was enclosed by a groyne that was surrounded by farms and villages. It is very important to understand the history of Architecture and grooming before we could make any comment about the relationship between modern Architecture and ancient Architecture.The western Architecture that can be mentioned as a modern Architecture derived from the Architecture of the very first civilizations in Mesopotamia (Watkins, 2005, p. ) The city of Our is one of the most famous Ancient Cities of the Sumerians therefore it can be mentioned as a typical Sumerian Urban Architecture example. like to the other Sumerian cities the city of Our also had a Gujarat (a huge religious monumental building) in the middle of the main city, it is estimated that it besidesk at least 1500 men 5 years Just to build its base.The main city of Our that was an enclosed area of 89 hectares with estimated population 34,000 people was surrounded by a huge mud-brick retaining bulwark that had another wall at the top which was built out of burnt-bricks. The size and population of the Our city including the towns and near suburbs that was situated outside the wall of the city was huge. As the author George R. Collins mentioned i n his book (Cities and planning in the Ancient Near East) Greater Our with its suburbs, merchant quarters and dependencies might have been a metropolis of a quarter million people. (Lamp, n. D. , p. 15) The Architecture of the houses rear the city wall was very similar to each other they were built out of mud-brick and they all had low doors and a few air vents in order to keep the interior cool in the summer. None of the houses was aligned with heir neighbors the orientation of the buildings is non uniformed, with some intentional to face the circular roadways and others positioned in what appears to be a more ad hoc fashion(Asana & Herrmann, 2010, p. 6) Considering the layout, design and materials of the Mesopotamia cities and houses it becomes clear that the people of Mesopotamia were moderately conservative in toll of their approach to planning their cities and buildings(Lamp, n. D. , p. 17) Babylon the capital of Babylonian situated on the old Euphrates in Mesopotamia which is a part of modern day Iraq is one of the ancient cities that stands as with Athens and Rome as a culture ancestor of the western civilization.It was one of the large cities of its time that had a population of around half a million people including the suburbs and towns outside the city wall (Sags, 2000, p. 26) The city and its temples were destroyed many times by foreign invaders and were frequently rebuilt because of its religious importance. The city of Babylon too like other cities in the ancient Near East had its own Architecture and planning identity, it was here that brick was widely used for religious and monumental buildings. jab in Iraq as revealed the city grid plan with its double walls, towers and canal connecting it to the river, as well as the foundations of brick built Temples, Palaces, fortifications and the famous Gujarat(Watkins, 2005, up. 18-20) The city had a impertinent shape with an area of 404. 8 Hectares that was surrounded by a double fortification wal l approximately mm in width with a mm cavity area in between that were reinforced by strong towers and a moat.The city had 8 main gates that lead to major streets behind the city walls and the main streets that leads to the city are paved the main approach to the city was from a wide paved road now known as the processional way (Watkins, 2005) The hanging gardens that were arranged around five enormous courtyards and the massive walls of Babylon were once counted amongst the 7 wonders of the ancient world (Watkins, 2005, p. 12) Monumental and Residential buildings of the Ancient Near East As I mentioned above that most of the ancient cities were quite similar to each other in terms planning, the residential housing planning was not very different too.A typical city in the Ancient Near East would have had a monumental building in the middle of the itty with residential buildings surrounding it. According to the excavators there was a planning idea that was followed when building duri ng the fourth millennium B. C. The plan shows that there has been great concern for parallelism and symmetry in the layout of the single buildings and their fades, but there is little regard for the alignment of the temples or their relationship to one another. (Lamp, n. D. , p. 19) This reinforces the idea that the overall compositional bargainer was undermined as long as the individual buildings were planned considering symmetry, axes and balance. Their concern for formal planning, symmetry and axial approach is never consistently carried trough but is only applied to parts of the building (Movement, AFAIK, & Woodlouse, 2003) Letter the Babylonians adopted the same fundamentals of the Mesopotamia planning without bringing any minor changes to it.The residential planning on the other hand was very basic, a town or a suburb was growing from a single house, and even the cities were developing in the same manner. The decision is that there was no difference between grown cities and planned cities. At the same time there is one principle that has always remained throughout the story of ancient planning which is the orientation of the buildings. Most of the buildings in the Ancient Near East face North West where the most pleasant wind comes from.Following the agriculture revelation for the first time in the ancient Near East, the number of population grow in the region and trade was becoming more customary through the Tigris River and Euphrates River. Ancient Near East was home to the worlds first civilization and it was here that city planning and monumental buildings first appeared. Some of the architecture in the ancient Near East was counted amongst the 7 wonders of the ancient world which includes the hanging gardens in the Assyrian city and the massive walls of the Babylon city.

French Revolution DBQ

The french Revolution of 1789 caused many changes in the social, political, and economical world of France. The French Revolution sparked the beginning for many new reforms in France that were previously untouchable to the 3rd landed estate. The things that led up to the French revolution were all caused from within the social, political, and economic world of France. The Social causes for the French Revolution were varied. One such chore was the well being of the 3rd estate.According to Travels in France by Arthur Young the conditions of the 3rd estate were terrible as people could not purchase bread receivable to the high prices and the ragged conditions of the children (Document 1). Because of these factors the people were forced to fight each other for a piece of bread alone. Another problem was the middle partition friendship of the Enlightenment. According to The French Revolution historian Albert Mathiez, the middle class knowledge of the Enlightenment made them start t he revolution rather than the unintelligent working class (Document 3).The social world of France was a front for the revolution to begin because of the people who were mistreated by the government. The political earths for the Revolution were also varied. One such reason was the signing of the Declaration of Independence. According to Lord Acton, the spark supplied by the signing of the Declaration of Independence was the cause of the French Revolution (Document 5).Another reason was the 3rd estates demands of the monarchy. slightly of their demands were to lower the revenuees assigned to them, have definite meeting times, and take votes by head (Document 3). The political state of France did not fare well in preventing the revolution. lastly the Economic reasons for the revolution were less varied than the others but just as important. One economical reason for the revolution was the unfair taxes to the 3rd estate.A chart of the tax and land ownership percentage in the 1700s cl early shows how much more the 3rd estate was being taxed than the 1st or 2nd estate (Document 2). The economical causes for the revolution most likely set off the 3rd estate when their request for a tax change was denied. In conclusion the French Revolution was a result of the three different worlds of Frances system Economy, Social, and Politics. The changes caused by the Revolution paved way for modern France and spelled out a new season for France.

Government Regulation of the Oil Industry: Keystone Pipeline Essay

The rachis Pipeline has been in news for several months and has been the subject of scrutiny, political bantering and environmentalist activism. Keystone Pipeline is a transcontinental synthetic substance oil project that runs from Canada to the Gulf Coast. Construction of such a pipeline bears many risk associated with ecosystem disruption and environmental hazards.President Obama blocked the pipelines extension noting several studies that the pipeline would have adverse impact on air and water supplies. Its original route crosses the Sandhills in Nebraska, the large wetland ecosystem, and the Ogallala Aquifer, one of the largest militia of fresh water in the world. The Ogallala Aquifer spans eight states, provides drinking water for two million people, and supports $20 billion in agriculture.A major leak could conk out drinking water and devastate the mid-western U. S. economy. (Source WikiPedia) Almost by default, the opposition party rebutted the presidents decision claiming he was a killer of jobs. Studies completed for Keystone has demonstrated that approximately 2,000 employees would be needed to complete the pipeline and about 25% of that would be permanent employment. In my view the potential environmental hail outweigh the economic ones in this situation.Keystone supporters purport the necessity in its construction to curb our dependence on foreign imports for energy. The cost to extra the sand, smoothen it to a now synthetic oil, transport it across country by far produces more energy than will actually be used in its life cycle. Government regulation, in this instance, has proven mildly effective. Given that we are now in an election season, this job destroying vote may come sustain to bite.

Lonely Miss Brill the Eavesdropper

Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield is about a middle-aged English teacher who secretly listens to other peoples conversation due to her loneliness. Every weekend Miss Brill goes out to the parade in a car park and listens to other peoples conversation because she has nobody to talk to but her skin turn up. She treasures her fur coat as if its her pet and has conversations with it. Towards the end of the story, she realizes that nobody uniforms her, therefore she goes habitation into her aristocratic room and cries.Katherine Mansfield, uses imagery, characterization, and point-of-view uses these three literary elements to inform the meaning of the lonliness. The antecedent uses imagery for the reader to wagerer understand the story and to create the apperance of her loneliness. In the beginning of the story, the origin states She had taken it out of its box that afternoon, shaken out the moth powder rubbed the life back into the dim lowly eyes. (Mansfield 1)Here, Miss Brill takes out her fur coat and starts to talk to it and pets it as if it is her pet.From this, the reader bay window can visually interpret that Miss Brill had no friends or family to talk to when she was lonley. Furthermore, towards the end of the story, a young lady at the park joints, Its exactly like a fried whiting. (Mansfield 4) The reader can visualize the story the author intended on how the little miss at the park makes fun of Miss Brill of her fur coat saying that it looks like fried fish. After hearing this, Miss Brill goes home and cries in her dark room. In addition, the author uses point-of-view for the reader to step into the main characters shoes.In the beginning of the story, when Miss Brill went to the park to watch the parade, the author states Wasnt the conductor exhausting a new coat, too? She sure it was new. (Mansfield 1) From this quote, the reader can see that she went to the parade often, enough to know what the bandsmen wore each weekend to perform. Fur thermore, the author states But to-day she passed the bakers by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room- her room like a cupboard She sat there for a long time. (Mansfield 4)After coming back from the parade, getting made fun of, she goes to her room in a depressed mood and cries by herself. Lastly, from the begininng of the story, the reader can tell that Miss Brill had a unique personality. From talking and petting her fur coat, to eavesdropping, her character is a bit different from others. Her lonliness could have lead her to eavesdrop on people and have a fur coat as her friend. The author states, This was disappointing, for Miss Brill always looked foward to the conversation. (Mansfield 1), to show her lonliness.In this quote, the reader can see that Miss Brill liked to talk to people and even if she wasnt in the conversation, she would like to listen to them. Furthermore, he author states How she enjoyed it How she loved sitting there, watching it all It was like a play. (Mansfield 3) This quote is explaining how she enjoyed the parade as if it was a play. The reader can see that she entertained herself by going to the park every weekend to forget about her loneliness.The author successfully used these three literary elements for the readers to better understand the story, to create the appearance of her lonliness and visualize interpret what the author was intending to say. Authors using literary elements in their story is important because they can send what theyre trying to say to the readers easily with the literary elements. Furthermore, it is important to the readers because the readers can better understand the story and relate the story to the world. Reading this story, readers can understand people who too argon lonely and step into their shoes to understand their feelings.

Qwertyuiop: Secretary and Belmont Secretarial College Essay

Based on the short story, QWERTYUIOP, write about a character that you like. Give three reasons why you like the character and take into account evidence to support your reasons. In the short story, QWERTYUIOP, the character whom I like is Lucy Beck. She was the main character in the story. She had just finished studying in Belmont secretarial College and was looking for a parentage. She was lucky because she got a job at Ross and Bannisters. I like Lucy Beck because she was a determined person.In the beginning, Lucy had no confidence in getting a job. Even the principal in the college was doubtful because Lucy was a very slow typist. Lucy was determined to get the job as she came from a brusk family. She was tired of eating macaroni cheese, baked beans and wearing second-hand clothes. She needed money to change her life-style. Lucy was also a courageous person. When she started working at Ross and Bannisters she had problems. The record of a former secretary, omit Broome, was h aunting the typewriter she used.The spirit chased away all the previous secretaries. However, Lucy did not let the spirit frighten her. She needed the job and she bravely confronted the spirit and managed to persuade her to leave the office. Another reason why I like Lucy Beck is because she was intelligent. Although she was very slow at typing, her intelligence helped her to convince Miss Broome to leave and not haunt the office anymore. She managed to gather information about Miss Broome from Harry Darke, a worker at the office.Using the information, she praised Miss Broome axiom that she was a good worker and that her late boss, Mr Bannister, missed her a lot. She also said that Mr Bannister still needed her services. In this way she managed to get disengage of Miss Broomes spirit and she can continue to work in the office peacefully. In conclusion, I like Lucy Beck because she looked simple and insignificant but she is suitable to defend her work using her own intelligence, c ourage and determination.

Northanger Abbey Characters Essay

Second of which, it is too important to none that the social identity theory claims that any person enacts multiple identities that functions in every social context such as for instance, mother, professor, volunteer, that could be drivers of buy actions (p. 11). The behavioral decision theory that is under the umbrella of the social identity theory claims that choices of consumers are a great deal made in accordance with their attribute value. Closely related to this is the attitude theory which emphasizes consumer expectancies and evaluations on a particular product belief (p.11-12).The figure below presents consumer goals in terms of their buying preferences. It could be seen that the mall reason that determines why such and such consumers buy certain products is primarily due to their life depicted object and values. In effect of these, their life themes and values profoundly influenced how they are going to deal with their life projects, menstruum concerns and using up intentions. Finally, the benefits sought and the feature preferences are also considered as the end goal of the being and doing hierarchy. skeletal system 3 A hierarchical model of consumer goals SourceRatneshwar, Mick and Huffman (2000, p. 14) Life themes and values are the in the flesh(predicate) ideas of being and the highest goal in a persons framework. A terminal value is a belief that is considered as an end in itself such as freedom r wisdom. These types of values are like existential concerns that every client has to deal with their daily lives which are rooted on their in-person histories (p. 15). Themes and values in ones life are the core conceptions of the self. These values are deeply embedded, interconnected and central in order to maintain integrity of the self-system.Corollary with this, these values are relatively static and accessible as well and could be activated easily in almost any circumstance. As such it could be said that themes and values serve as a yardstick or ensample guide to lower-order goals and actions (p. 17). Current concerns such as activities, tasks or quests are also vital in a consumers buying behavior. For instance, activities or life projects that a customer wants to engage into like gardening, being an living creature rights advocate and the likes influences them to buy certain products that are in accordance to such goals (p.18).2. 5 CSR and Purchasing Decisions The join between CSR and consumer purchasing decisions is something that has a direct relationship. It has been said by Varadarajan and Menon (1988) that it is very relevant for consumers to first be educated on a particular companys level of social responsibility in the lead they could in incorporate such on their pattern of behavior. This is important so that consumer purchasing decisions could be affected by the CSR programs that a company is employing.The notion of cause related marketing which is a representation for companies to support non earn organizations by allotting a certain percentage of their sales to the former is one of the most effective way of doing the aforementioned (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). Albeit, it should be noted that although CSR has been highly exercised by most companies, the biggest inhibitor of the latters success is privation of consumer awareness on a particular companys CSR program. However correct if this is the case, on that point is a growing evidence that a lot of consumers are desiring to know more about how companies conducts their businesses.The purchasing nurture that was given by Council on Economic Priorities in 1994 tells that consumer interest on CSR has been steadily growing (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). 2. 6 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty Customer joy is difficult to understand and it is define in different ways. Many researchers argued that there is a going between the customer contentment, which is gained from tangible products and intangible services. The difference is because of the intangibility of the services and the failure to separate production and consumption.Therefore, customer satisfaction from services and goods may get hold from and influenced by different factors. Hence, should be considered separately and differently (Veloutsou, C. et al, 2005). Two issues should be considered when looking customer satisfaction in services whether it is conceptualized or transaction specific or cumulative (Hoest, V. and Knie-Andersen, M. , 2004). Customer satisfaction has been comprehend as not the sole determining factor for a loyal customer base (Griffin and Herres, 2002, p. 2).During the mid-eighties and the 1990s, the notion of customer satisfaction which is weighed in terms of providing quality customer service and excellence has been sensed as providing good financial results and repeat leverage. A study conducted by Forum Corporation (Stum and Thiry, 1991, p. 34) claimed that 40% of the customers who participated in the study claimed to be satisfied with a particular product found it easy to slope brands without any hesitation. As such, it has been perceived by Griffin and Herres (2002 p.4-5) that the true measurement that should be used in repeated business is Customer Loyalty. Customer loyalty focuses more on consumer behaviour than attitude.When a particular client is loyal to a brand, such a person is more particular in conducting get behaviour that is relatively more non random. A client who is loyal to a brand has developed a particular justified belief on which and what to buy from whom. More importantly, the notion of loyalty implies a purchase that occurs for a particular duration, which does not occur less than twice.Also, it could be significantly noted that the decision to purchase could be made by one or twain or more individuals. As such, it could be the case that the decision making to buy a particular product could be a compromise, and so explaining one of the key reasons for o nes loyalty for a particular unit. There are two important factors that are closely associated with brand loyalty and these are customer retention and total packet of customer. The former describes the duration in which a particular company has the business of a client.The rate of customer share on the other hand is equivalent to the percentage of a customers cipher that is spent with the firm. For instance, a company is said to have 100% share of a customers budget if the latter spends his or her entire budget with a particular firm. As such it could be said that customer retention and percentage of customers budget is very important however, there might be instances wherein a customer is prevented by certain laws to purchase just from one seller such as government accounts.Gustafsson and Johnson (2000 p.50) presented a model which would effectively measure customer satisfaction. Satisfaction in terms of the model is perceived as customers overall evaluation of the purchase and c onsumption experience with a product, service or provider. The model presented by Gustafsson and Johnson (2000) appears to be different from transaction-specific portrayals of customer satisfaction that normally leads to repurchase. The model focuses on the importance of Customer Lens or the perspective of a customer on a particular brand, most especially how it benefits them.The lens of the customer will depart the organization to take a view of their product as it appears on the market place and not really how their organization perceives it (Gustafsson and Johnson, 2000, p. 5). It has been argued by Gustafsson and Johnson (2000) that customers decisions to repurchase a particular product are deeply influenced by their overall purchase and consumption from a particular company or brand. In addition, customer satisfaction could pave the way for an enhanced reputation and an increase of brand equity for a particular organization. much(prenominal) in turn could further attract custo mers that could have further increase the market share of a particular brand. 2. 7 The consistence deceive global, PLC Values The automobile trunk support International PLC has five corporate values Against Animal Testing, Support Community Trade, Activate Self Esteem, and Protecting our Planet (The be patronize International plc a, 2007). 2. 7. 1 Against Animal Testing The company strongly advocated for the banning of the test of decoratives on animals.In addition, the company prides itself due to its strict compliance of the internationally recognized Humane Cosmetics Standards (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). As such it has been implementing a so-called fixed cut-off date to all of their ingredients. Such federal agency, that the company does not and will never test their cosmetics on animals, hence calling it an immovable fixed date (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). More importantly, the company has also assured that their products could also be suita ble for vegetarians.This means that the company does not use any ingredient that is perceived to cause harm to animals (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). In effect of this, the Body Shop has been awarded on 2006 as the Best Cruelty-free Cosmetics by the PETA (People for the estimable Treatments of Animals). (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). The advocate of Body Shop to ban animal testing is stretched even by the company supporting researches that could bring about alternatives against animal testing. In 2004, the Body Shop groundwork has awarded the Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing at John Hopkins University ?20 000 in order to support the universitys research in finding other ways to test cosmetics (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). 2. 7. 2 Support Community Trade Body Shops support for federation trade focuses on the use of subjective ingredients and handcrafted products from skilled people and was brought for a reasonable prize for more than 20 age on over 24 countries and 31 suppliers (The Body Shop International plc e, 2007). In another perspective, community fair trade provides workers in marginalized countries to earn a reliable wage that could help them build their futures (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007).More importantly, the community trade that Body Shop made from the aforementioned also provides the company the assurance that it has been purchasing ingredients in which they know where came from (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). As such, it could be said that the company has been spreading not only its monetary assets but also its intellectual investments as well fairly among countries most especially to the ones which needed it most (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). 2. 7. 3 Activate Self Esteem Body shop also deeply upholds basic feminist values.Their precept Know your mind, love your body communicates the individuality of all women and the disregard to false promises, hype, and jar gons of cosmetics and a fixed touchstone of beauty (The Body Shop International plc f, 2007). More importantly, the body shop emphasizes the importance of self awareness, self-confidence, self-growth and self-acceptance. As such it deems self respect while focusing on diversity, acceptance and empowerment (The Body Shop International plc g, 2007). 2. 7. 4 Protecting our Planet Protecting the planet is the last among the five core values of Body Shop.This value is deeply connected on the advocate of the company in using natural ingredients. Body Shop believed that through the use of natural ingredients and through helping on the ban against cosmetic test on animals, they are helping to protect the environment (The Body Shop International plc h, 2007). Furthermore, Body Shop also supports the use of renewable sources through the use of Forest Stewardship Council certified wood products. I

Product, Price, Promotion & Placement Essay

Product, Price, Promotion & PlacementNow that we conduct analyzed our marketing research and we have place our potential target markets as being in the young adult to middle age adults and from the tear down middle class and upward income bracket it is time to develop our formulates to reach into these markets and grow IPT. How we target these markets is a series of techniques known as crossway, pricing, promotion and placement. We also know from the research that 35% of our customers would buy from a store front, 30% would order online or from a catalog, and our business customers would place direct orders. ProductIn the 4 Ps product is the lead element because this is what we sell and what we need to put in front of our customers. Our best products are always those that are unique or have a specific niche market that does not have as much or less competition in the market. We have a special patented coating for our popcorn that sets us apart and this impart be our lead produ ct. Packaging of our product is especially important with a food related product. We want to mark the uniqueness and we want it to show, so we ordain use a clear bag with an Old make label that will be very appealing and desir competent, our popcorn will look good unopened sitting on someones counter or table at home or in the office.PricingBecause our product is unique we can demand a higher price than the different run of the mill popcorn producers. As a premium product we also establish IPT as the premier high end popcorn treat producer. Our pricing will also stay surface indoors the range of other high end products. The rest of our product lines will be priced within the average range of other similartreats. Bulk business orders will be discounted and our sales to the theme flower and gift basket fraternity will be wholesale allowing for mark up on resale. PromotionPromotion of our products will be three fold and very targeted. First we will addition the number of store front locations in the areas with the best demographics and remember the most important rule for a retail business location, location and location. This will put IPT solidly in the market area and the presence will give our brand the brick and mortar support as is done by Barnes & Noble, Inc. From all of our shopfront locations we will promote the IPT website for online ordering and placing orders with the national flower and gift basket company to send our products to friends and relatives crosswise the nation and beyond. We will have to set up a strong website and we will use a professional hosting service to product the secure ordering, catalog creation and other site marketing features such as printable coupons for ordering that can be used at the brick and mortar store fronts. The website will also allow our business customer to place their orders and track the shipment. We will be utilizing search locomotive engine registration and promotion to make sure we pop on all searc hes with key words the likes of popcorn, gifts, treats, cookies, sweets and coated to name a few. PlacementGetting the product in front of or conspicuous to the consumer is essential, the old saying is that if you have a great product then you must be able to supply that product when the customer wants it and where they want it. Customer service and product availability are everything to the customer. We will expand into each market area such as Philadelphia by establishing a storefront and a small warehousing operation to handle the daily ordering, shipping and support for the market area. The store fronts will produce the product topical anaestheticly for retail and shipping within their market area so the product is fresh and doesnt age. Our warehouse will stock mainly supplies for the production lines at the store front. A good example is Krispy Kreme, Inc. which uses each location to bake the donuts and then deliver to local vendors such as convenience stores, restaurants, e vents and other functions. We must be able to support the markets we are targeting.Consumer CharacteristicsFrom personal experience and as reflected in our market research most consumers prefer to purchase perishable consumables at a local store and we will need to entice our targeted consumers to come to the store fronts or to order online once they have tasted and enjoyed our products. Much like Starbucks whose coffee shops sell a lot of items not related to coffee we must consider adding the intrinsic items that our customers would find interesting such as free wireless internet approach shot from each storefront. This feature would also help us promote our website and expand our customer base. We must pass to collect feedback from all of our market areas and customer to make sure we keep our product fresh and exciting. statistical distribution and Growth impactsAs we grow we must make sure we have the infrastructure to supply our newfangled markets and that our suppliers are aware of the promiseed increases in quantities we order and that they are able to keep up. We should also expect discounts for high volume orders. Centrally we will supply the national flower and gift basket company and the local market place. Our store fronts will supply their local markets to include internet orders, business orders and retail sales. SummaryWe will use all of this information provided today to continue our development of the marketing plan for IPT. I hope we have answered your questions and put to rest your doubts. If I can be of assistance in answering any other questions you might have please let me know as shortly as possible.References(Pereault William D McCarthy E Jerome 2006 Essential of Marketing A Global-Managerial go up)Pereault, William D., & McCarthy, E. Jerome (2006). Essential of Marketing A Global-Managerial Approach (10th Edition ed., Rev.). New York, New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin.